Indlela yokwenza ibhotile yeglasi

Iglasi inokuhanjiswa okuhle kunye nokusebenza kokukhanya ukukhanya, uzinzo oluphezulu lweekhemikhali, kwaye inokufumana amandla aqinileyo oomatshini kunye nefuthe lobushushu lobushushu ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenzwa.Inokwenza iglasi itshintshe umbala ngokuzimeleyo kwaye ihlukanise ukukhanya okugqithisileyo, ngoko isoloko isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo. Eli nqaku lixubusha ngokukodwa inkqubo yokwenziwa kweebhotile zeglasi.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, kukho izizathu zokukhetha iglasi ukwenza iibhotile zokusela, okukwayinzuzo yeebhotile zeglasi.Izixhobo eziphambili zeebhotile zeglasi ziyi-ores yendalo, i-quartzite, i-caustic soda, i-limestone, njl. ukumelana ne-corrosion, kwaye ayiyi kutshintsha izinto eziphathekayo xa uqhagamshelana neekhemikhali ezininzi.Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwayo ilula, imodeli ikhululekile kwaye iyaguquguquka, ubunzima bukhulu, ukumelana nokushisa, ukucoceka, ukucoceka kulula, kwaye kunokusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo.Njengezinto zokupakisha, iibhotile zeglasi zisetyenziselwa ukutya, i-oyile, utywala, iziselo, i-condiments, izimonyo kunye neemveliso zeekhemikhali zamanzi njalo njalo.

Ibhotile yeglasi yenziwe ngaphezu kweentlobo ezilishumi zezixhobo eziphambili, ezifana ne-quartz powder, i-limestone, i-soda ash, i-dolomite, i-feldspar, i-boric acid, i-barium sulfate, i-mirabilite, i-zinc oxide, i-potassium carbonate kunye neglasi eyaphukileyo.Sisikhongozeli esenziwe ngokunyibilika kunye nokumila kwi-1600 ℃.Inokuvelisa iibhotile zeglasi zeemilo ezahlukeneyo ngokwemibumbo eyahlukeneyo.Ngenxa yokuba yenziwe kubushushu obuphezulu, ayinayo ityhefu kwaye ayinancasa.Yeyona nto iphambili yokupakisha ukutya, amayeza kunye namashishini amachiza.Emva koko, kuya kuqaliswa ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kombandela ngamnye.

Umgubo wequartz: Yiminerali eqinileyo, ekwaziyo ukunxiba kwaye izinzile ngokwekhemikhali.Icandelo layo eliphambili leminerali yi-quartz, kwaye icandelo layo eliphambili lemichiza yiSiO2.Umbala wesanti ye-quartz unobisi omhlophe, okanye awunambala kwaye uguquguqukayo.Ukuqina kwayo ku-7. I-brittle kwaye ayinayo i-cleavage.Ineqokobhe elifana nokwaphuka.Inokukhanya kwegrisi.Ubuninzi bayo buyi-2.65.Ubuninzi bayo obukhulu (20-200 mesh yi-1.5).Imichiza yayo, i-thermal kunye ne-mechanical properties ine-anisotropy ecacileyo, kwaye ayinakunyibilika kwi-asidi, Inyibilika kwi-NaOH kunye ne-KOH isisombululo samanzi ngaphezu kwe-160 ℃, kunye nendawo yokunyibilika kwe-1650 ℃.Isanti yequartz yimveliso ubungakanani bayo obuziinkozo buba kwisefu ye-120 yemesh emva kokuba ilitye lequartz elombiwe emgodini lilungiswa.Imveliso edlula i-120 mesh sieve ibizwa ngokuba yi-quartz powder.Usetyenziso oluphambili: izixhobo zokucoca, iglasi yodidi oluphezulu, iimveliso zeglasi, izichasi, amatye okunyibilikisa, ukuphosa ngokuchanekileyo, ukuqhushumba kwesanti, izixhobo zokusila ivili.

I-Limestone: I-calcium carbonate yeyona nto iphambili kwi-limestone, kwaye i-limestone yeyona nto iphambili yemveliso yeglasi.Ikalika kunye ne-limestone zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezinto zokwakha kwaye zikwayimathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo kumashishini amaninzi.I-Calcium carbonate inokucutshungulwa ngokuthe ngqo kwilitye kwaye itshiswe ibe yi-quicklime.

Uthuthu lwesoda: enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo zemichiza ekrwada, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kushishino olukhanyayo, kwishishini lemichiza yemihla ngemihla, izinto zokwakha, ishishini lemichiza, ishishini lokutya, isinyithi, i-textile, i-petroleum, ukhuselo lwesizwe, amayeza kunye nezinye iindawo, kunye nakwishishini lokutya. imimandla yokufota kunye nohlalutyo.Kwintsimi yezinto zokwakha, imboni yeglasi ngumthengi omkhulu wesoda ash, kunye neetoni ze-0.2 ze-soda ash esetyenzisiweyo ngetoni yeglasi.

Iasidi ye-boric: ikristale emhlophe engumgubo okanye i-triclinic axial scale crystal, enemvakalelo egudileyo kwaye akukho vumba.I-Soluble emanzini, utywala, i-glycerin, i-ether kunye ne-oyile ye-essence, isisombululo esinamanzi sinobuthakathaka.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiglasi (iglasi yokukhanya, iglasi enganyangekiyo kwi-asidi, iglasi ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu, kunye nefayibha yeglasi kwizinto ezigqumayo) kushishino, olunokuphucula ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokungafihli kweemveliso zeglasi, ukuphucula amandla oomatshini, kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokunyibilika. .Ityuwa yeGlauber iqulunqwe kakhulu yi-sodium sulfate i-Na2SO4, into ekrwada yokwazisa i-Na2O.Isetyenziselwa kakhulu ukuphelisa i-SiO2 scum kwaye isebenza njengento yokucacisa.

Abanye abavelisi nabo bongeza i-cullet kulo mxube.Abanye abavelisi baya kuphinda basebenzise iglasi kwinkqubo yemveliso.Ingaba yinkunkuma kwinkqubo yokuvelisa okanye inkunkuma kwiziko lokuphinda isetyenziswe, iipounds eziyi-1300 zesanti, iipounds ezingama-410 zesoda ash kunye ne-380. iiponti zekalika zingagcinwa ngetoni nganye yeglasi egayiweyo.Oku kuya konga iindleko zokuvelisa, konga iindleko namandla, ukuze abathengi bafumane amaxabiso ezoqoqosho kwiimveliso zethu.

Emva kokuba izinto eziluhlaza zilungile, inkqubo yokuvelisa iya kuqala.Isinyathelo sokuqala kukunyibilikisa izinto eziluhlaza zebhotile yeglasi kwisithando somlilo, izinto eziluhlaza kunye ne-cullet ziqhubeka zinyibilika kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu.Malunga ne-1650 ° C, iziko lisebenza iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, kwaye umxube wezinto ezikrwada wenza iglasi etyhidiweyo malunga neeyure ezingama-24 ngosuku.Iglasi enyibilikisiweyo edlulayo. Emva koko, ekupheleni komjelo wezinto eziphathekayo, ukuhamba kweglasi kunqunyulwa kwiibhloko ngokobunzima, kwaye ubushushu bubekwe ngokuchanekileyo.

Kukwakho nezinye izilumkiso xa usebenzisa i-furnace.Isixhobo sokulinganisa ubukhulu bomaleko wezinto ezikrwada zedama elinyibilikisiweyo kufuneka sigqunywe.Xa kukho ukuvuza kwezinto, cima umbane ngokukhawuleza.Ngaphambi kokuba iglasi etyhidiweyo ihambe. ngaphandle komjelo wokutyisa, isixhobo sokumisa sikhusela amandla ombane eglasi etyhidiweyo emhlabeni ukwenza iglasi etyhidiweyo ingatshaji.Indlela eqhelekileyo kukufaka i-molybdenum electrode kwiglasi etyhidiweyo kwaye ucole i-electrode ye-molybdenum ukukhusela amandla ombane kwiglasi etyhidiweyo yesango.Qaphela ukuba ubude be-electrode ye-molybdenum efakwe kwiglasi etyhidiweyo inkulu kune-1/2 yobubanzi bomgijimi. Kwimeko yokungaphumeleli kwamandla kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla, umqhubi phambi kwesithando somlilo kufuneka aziswe kwangaphambili ukujonga izixhobo zombane. (njengenkqubo ye-electrode) kunye neemeko ezijikelezayo zesixhobo kanye.Ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kunokwenziwa kuphela emva kokuba kungabikho ngxaki. Kwimeko yonxunguphalo okanye ingozi enokubeka emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lobuqu okanye ukhuseleko lwesixhobo kwindawo yokunyibilikisa, umsebenzisi uya kucofa ngokukhawuleza “iqhosha lokuyeka likaxakeka” ukucima umbane. ukunikezelwa kwesithando sombane esipheleleyo.Izixhobo zokulinganisa ubukhulu bomgangatho wezinto eziluhlaza kwi-feed inlet kufuneka zinikezelwe ngamanyathelo okufakelwa kwe-thermal.Ekuqaleni kokusebenza kwesithando sombane somlilo weglasi, umqhubi wesithando sombane uya kukhangela i-electrode. inkqubo yamanzi ethambileyo kanye ngeyure kwaye ngokukhawuleza ujongane nokunqunyulwa kwamanzi kwi-electrode nganye. Kwimeko yengozi yezinto ezivuzayo kwiziko lombane leglasi, unikezelo lombane luya kunqunyulwa kwangoko, kwaye ukuvuza kwezinto kuya kutshizwa ngokuphezulu. -umbhobho wamanzi woxinzelelo ngokukhawuleza ukuqinisa iglasi yolwelo.Ngelo xesha, inkokeli esemsebenzini iya kwaziswa ngokukhawuleza.Ukuba ukusilela kwamandla kwesithando somlilo seglasi kudlula imizuzu emi-5, ichibi elityhidiweyo kufuneka lisebenze ngokwemigaqo yokungaphumeleli kwamandla.Xa inkqubo yokupholisa amanzi kunye nenkqubo yokupholisa umoya inika i-alamu. , umntu kufuneka athunyelwe ukuba aphande i-alamu ngokukhawuleza kwaye ajongane nayo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Isinyathelo sesibini kukubumba ibhotile yeglasi.Inkqubo yokwenza iibhotile zeglasi kunye neengqayi zibhekiselele kuluhlu lweentshukumo zendibaniselwano (kubandakanywa nomatshini, i-elektroniki, njl. njl.) eziphindaphindiweyo ngokulandelelana kweprogram enikiweyo, ngenjongo yokuvelisa ibhotile. kunye nejagi enemilo ethile njengoko kulindelekile.Okwangoku, kukho iinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili ekuvelisweni kweebhotile zeglasi kunye neengqayi: indlela yokuvuthela yomlomo webhotile emxinwa kunye nendlela yokunyanzeliswa kwengcinezelo kwiibhotile ezinkulu kunye neengqayi. I-chear blade kubushushu bayo bezinto eziphathekayo (1050-1200 ℃) ukwenza amathontsi eglasi ecylindrical, Ibizwa ngokuba "yi-material drop".Ubunzima bokulahla izinto kwanele ukuvelisa ibhotile.Zombini iinkqubo ziqala ukusuka ekuchebeni kolwelo lweglasi, imathiriyeli iwa phantsi kwentshukumo yomxhuzulane, kwaye ingene kubumba lokuqala ngomkhombe wezinto eziphathekayo kunye nomkhombe wokujika.Emva koko i-mold yokuqala ivalwe ngokuqinileyo kwaye itywinwe nge "bulkhead" phezulu.Kwinkqubo yokuvuthela, iglasi iqala ukutyhalwa phantsi ngumoya oxinzelelweyo odlula kwi-bulkhead, ukwenzela ukuba iglasi kwi-die yenziwe;Emva koko undoqo wehla kancinci, kwaye umoya ocinezelekileyo odlula kwisithuba esikwindawo ephambili wandisa iglasi ekhutshiweyo ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu ukuzalisa ukungunda kokuqala.Ngokuvuthuza kweglasi enjalo, iglasi iya kwenza umngxuma osele ulungele ukumila, kwaye kwinkqubo elandelayo, iya kuvuthelwa ngumoya ocinezelweyo kwakhona kwinqanaba lesibini ukufumana ukumila kokugqibela.

Ukuveliswa kweebhotile zeglasi kunye neengqayi kuqhutyelwa kwizigaba ezibini eziphambili: kwinqanaba lokuqala, zonke iinkcukacha zomlomo womlomo zenziwe, kwaye umlomo ogqityiweyo uquka ukuvulwa kwangaphakathi, kodwa ukumila komzimba oyintloko kwimveliso yeglasi kuya kuba. incinci kakhulu kunobukhulu bayo bokugqibela.Ezi mveliso zeglasi ezenziweyo zibizwa ngokuba yi-parison.Ngomzuzu olandelayo, baya kubethwa kwisimo sokugqibela sebhotile.Ukusuka kwi-angle yesenzo soomatshini, i-die kunye ne-core form isithuba esivaliweyo ngezantsi.Emva kokuba ukufa kuzaliswe ngeglasi (emva kokuqhawula), i-core ihlehliswa kancinci ukuthambisa iglasi ngokudibana nombindi.Emva koko umoya ocinezelweyo (ukuvuthela umva) ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu udlula kwisithuba esingaphantsi kombindi ukuze wenze i-parison.Emva koko i-bulkhead iphakama, i-mold yokuqala ivuliwe, kunye nengalo yokuguqula, kunye ne-die kunye ne-parson, iguqulelwe kwicala lokubumba. ibotshwe ukusonga icawa.Idayiti iya kuvula kancinci ukukhulula icawa;Emva koko ingalo yokuguqula iya kubuyela kwicala lokuqala lokubumba kwaye ulinde umjikelo olandelayo wesenzo.Intloko evuthuzayo ihla iye phezulu komngundo, umoya ocinezelweyo ugalelwe kwi-parison ukusuka phakathi, kwaye iglasi ekhutshiweyo iyanda ukuya kubumba ukuze yenze imilo yokugqibela yebhotile.Kwinkqubo yokuvuthela uxinzelelo, i-parison ayisekho. yenziwe ngumoya oxinzelelweyo, kodwa ngokukhupha iglasi kwindawo evalelweyo yomgodi wokungunda ophambili ngondoqo omde.Ukubhukuqa okulandelayo kunye nokwenziwa kokugqibela kuhambelana nendlela yokuvuthela.Emva koko, ibhotile iya kunyanzeliswa ngaphandle kokubumba kwaye ibekwe kwiplate yokumisa ibhotile kunye nomoya opholileyo osezantsi-phezulu, elinde ukuba ibhotile itsalwe kwaye ihanjiswe kwinkqubo yokukhupha.

Inyathelo lokugqibela kukufakwa kwenkqubo yokwenziwa kwebhotile yeglasi.Ngaphandle kwenkqubo, umphezulu wezikhongozeli zeglasi udla ngokugqunywa emva kokubunjwa.

Xa ziseshushu kakhulu, ukwenzela ukuba iibhotile kunye neenkonkxa zikwazi ukumelana nokurhawuzelelwa, oku kubizwa ngokuba kunyango lomphezulu oshushu, emva koko iibhotile zeglasi zithathwa zisiwe kwiziko le-annealing, apho ubushushu bazo bubuyela khona ukuya kuthi ga kwi-815 ° C, emva koko. iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-480 ° C. Oku kuya kuthatha malunga neeyure ezi-2.Oku kufudumeza kwakhona nokucotha kokupholisa kuphelisa uxinzelelo olukwisikhongozeli.Iyakwandisa ukuqina kwezikhongozeli zeglasi ezenziwe ngokwendalo.Ngaphandle koko, iglasi kulula ukuyiqhekeza.

Kukwakho nemiba emininzi efuna ingqwalasela ngexesha lokufunxa. Umahluko weqondo lobushushu leziko lomlilo awulingani.Iqondo lobushushu lecandelo leziko lomlilo leemveliso zeglasi lisezantsi kufutshane namacala amabini kwaye liphezulu embindini, nto leyo eyenza ubushushu beemveliso bungalingani, ngakumbi kwigumbi lohlobo lweziko lomlilo.Ngenxa yesi sizathu, xa uyila ijika, imveliso yebhotile yeglasi kufuneka ithathe ixabiso elingaphantsi kunoxinzelelo olusisigxina oluvumelekileyo lwezinga lokupholisa elicothayo, kwaye ngokubanzi lithathe isiqingatha soxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo lokubala.Ixabiso elivumelekileyo loxinzelelo lweemveliso eziqhelekileyo linokuba ngu-5 ukuya kwi-10 nm / cm.Izinto ezichaphazela ukuhluka kweqondo lokushisa kwisithando somlilo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kwakhona xa kumiselwa isantya sokufudumeza kunye nesantya sokupholisa ngokukhawuleza.Kwinkqubo ye-annealing yangempela, ukuhanjiswa kweqondo lokushisa kwisithando somlilo kufuneka kuhlolwe rhoqo.Ukuba umahluko omkhulu wobushushu ufunyenwe, kufuneka uhlengahlengiswe ngexesha.Ukongezelela, kwiimveliso zeglasi, iindidi zeemveliso ziveliswa ngokubanzi ngexesha elinye.Xa ubeka iimveliso kwiziko lokutshisa, ezinye iimveliso ezishinyeneyo zodonga zibekwe kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwiziko lokutshisa, ngelixa iimveliso zodonga ezibhityileyo zinokubekwa kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, nto leyo enceda ekuthotyweni kweemveliso zodonga olungqindilili. Iimveliso Iimaleko zangaphakathi nangaphandle zeemveliso ezishinyeneyo zodonga zizinzile.Kuluhlu lwembuyekezo, kokukhona iqondo lobushushu liphezulu le-insulation yeemveliso ezishinyeneyo zodonga, kokukhona ukukhululeka koxinzelelo lwazo lwe-thermoelastic xa zipholisa, kwaye kokukhona uxinzelelo olusisigxina lweemveliso.Uxinzelelo lweemveliso ezinemilo entsonkothileyo kulula ukugxila [ezifana namazantsi ashinyeneyo, ii-engile ezichanekileyo kunye neemveliso ezinemiqheba], ngoko ke njengeemveliso ezishinyeneyo zodonga, ubushushu bokufakelwa kufuneka bube sezantsi ngokwentelekiso, kwaye isantya sokufudumeza nokupholisa kufuneka sicothe.Annealing Ingxaki yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeglasi Ukuba iimveliso zebhotile zeglasi ezinokwakheka kweekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo zifakwe kwisithando somlilo esifanayo, iglasi enobushushu obuphantsi bobushushu kufuneka ikhethwe njengobushushu bokugcina ubushushu, kwaye indlela yokwandisa ixesha lokugcinwa kobushushu kufuneka yamkelwe. , ukwenzela ukuba iimveliso ezinamaqondo okushisa ahlukeneyo anokuthi afakwe e-annealing kangangoko kunokwenzeka.Kwiimveliso ezinokwakheka kweekhemikhali ezifanayo, ubukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye neemilo, xa zifakwe kwisithando somlilo esifanayo, iqondo lobushushu lokutshisa liya kumiselwa ngokweemveliso ezinobunzima obuncinci bodonga ukunqanda ukuguqulwa kweemveliso ezinodonga olucekethekileyo ngexesha lokufunxa, kodwa ukufudumeza kunye nokuqina. Isantya sokupholisa siya kumiselwa ngokweemveliso ezinobunzima obukhulu bodonga ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iimveliso zodonga olungqingqwa aziyi kuqhekeka ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwe-thermal.I-retrogression yeglasi ye-borosilicate Kwiimveliso ze-glassware ze-Pengsilicate, iglasi ithande ukuhlukana kwesigaba ngaphakathi koluhlu lobushushu be-annealing.Emva kokuhlukana kwesigaba, isakhiwo seglasi sitshintsha kwaye sitshintsha ukusebenza kwayo, njengepropati yokushisa kweekhemikhali iyancipha.Ukuze ugweme le nto, iqondo lokushisa le-annealing yeemveliso zeglasi ye-borosilicate kufuneka ilawulwe ngokungqongqo.Ngokukodwa kwiglasi enomxholo ophezulu we-boron, ubushushu be-anneal akufanele buphakame kakhulu kwaye ixesha lokufunxa akufanele libe lide kakhulu.Kwangaxeshanye, ukurhoxa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kufuneka kuphetshwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka.Iqondo lokwahlulwa kwesigaba sokuphinda kuhlanjululwe i-annealing embi kakhulu.

Kukho elinye inyathelo lokuvelisa iibhotile zeglasi.Umgangatho weebhotile zeglasi kufuneka uhlolwe ngokwala manyathelo alandelayo.Iimfuno zomgangatho: iibhotile zeglasi kunye neengqayi ziya kuba nokusebenza okuthile kwaye zihlangabezane nemigangatho ethile yomgangatho.

Umgangatho weglasi: ucocekile kwaye unjalo, ngaphandle kwesanti, imivimbo, amaqamza kunye nezinye iziphene.Iglasi engenambala inokucaca okuphezulu;Umbala weglasi enemibala ufana kwaye uzinzile, kwaye unokufunxa amandla okukhanya obude obuthile.

Iimpawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali: Inozinzo oluthile lweekhemikhali kwaye ayisebenzi kunye neziqulatho.Inokumelana nokuxhathisa kwe-seismic kunye namandla omatshini, inokumelana nokufudumeza kunye neenkqubo zokupholisa ezifana nokuhlamba kunye ne-sterilization, kwaye inokumelana nokuzaliswa, ukugcinwa kunye nokuthutha, kwaye inokuhlala ihambelana kwimeko yoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukungcangcazela kunye nefuthe.

Umgangatho wokubumba: gcina umthamo othile, ubunzima kunye nokumila, kunye nobukhulu bodonga, umlomo ogudileyo kunye nomlomo osicaba ukuqinisekisa ukuzaliswa okufanelekileyo kunye nokutywinwa okulungileyo.Akukho ziphene ezifana nokugqwetheka, uburhabaxa bomphezulu, ukungalingani kunye neentanda.

Ukuba uyahlangabezana nezi mfuno zingentla, halala.Uvelise ngempumelelo ibhotile yeglasi efanelekileyo.Yifake kwiintengiso zakho.