Uphuhliso lweebhotile zeWayini eBomvu

Iibhotile zeediliya ezinemilo eyahlukeneyo kunye nemibala aziqulathi nje iwayini emnandi, kodwa zityhila ulwazi oluninzi malunga newayini kuthi ukusuka kwicala.Eli nqaku liza kuqala kwimvelaphi yewayini ebomvu kwaye sabelane ngophuhliso lwebhotile ebomvu yonke.

Phambi kokuxoxa ngophuhliso lweebhotile zewayini ebomvu, makhe sixoxe ngokufutshane ngembali yophuhliso lwamawaka alithoba eminyaka yewayini ebomvu.Iwayini eyafunyanwa eIran malunga nowama-5400 BC yayithathwa njengenye yeewayini zokuqala ezivundiweyo kwihlabathi, kodwa ukufunyanwa. wewayini kumabhodlo eJiahu eHenan uyibhale ngokutsha le ngxelo.Ngokutsho kweziphumo zangoku, imbali yaseTshayina yokusela ingaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-1000 ngaphambili kunaleyo yamazwe angaphandle.Oko kukuthi, i-Jiahu Site, indawo ebalulekileyo kwi-Neolithic Age yokuqala e-China, ikwayindawo yokusebenzela yokwenza iwayini kwihlabathi.Emva kokuhlalutywa kwemichiza yentlenga kudonga olungaphakathi lwezitya zomdongwe ezavunjululwa kwisiza saseJiahu, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngelo xesha abantu babesenza iwayini ebilisiweyo yerayisi, ubusi newayini, yaye babezigcina nakwiimbiza zodongwe. I-Georgia, i-Armenia, i-Iran kunye namanye amazwe, i-batch yezixhobo ezinkulu zokubumba udongwe ukusuka kwi-4000 BC yafunyanwa.Ngelo xesha abantu babesenza ezi zixhobo zokungcwaba;Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, iGeorgia isasebenzisa izikhongozeli emhlabeni ukwenza iwayini, ebizwa ngokubanzi ngokuba yi-KVEVRI.Kwicwecwe lePilos yamandulo yesiGrike ukusuka ku-1500 ukuya kowama-1200 BC, ulwazi oluninzi malunga nediliya yomdiliya kunye newayini idla ngokurekhodwa ngokwemigca yodidi B. (isiGrike samandulo).

I-121 BC ibizwa ngokuba ngunyaka we-Opimian, nto leyo ibhekisa kowona nyaka wewayini ubalaseleyo kwixesha legolide lamandulo eRoma.Kuthiwa le wayini isenako ukuselwa emva kweminyaka eli-100. Ngowama-77, uPliny Elder, umbhali weencyclopedic eRoma yamandulo, wabhala amabinzana adumileyo athi “Vino Veritas” nelithi “Ewayinini Kukho Inyaniso” kwincwadi yakhe ethi “Natural History. ".

Ngenkulungwane ye-15 ukuya kweye-16, iwayini yayidla ngokufakwa ebhotileni kwiimbiza zeporcelain ize iphinde ivundiswe ukuze ivelise amaqamza;Esi simbo seCremant singumzekelo wewayini yaseFransi ehlwahlwazayo kunye ne-cider yesiNgesi. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, ukuze kuthintelwe iwayini ukuba ingabi mbi ngexesha lokuthutha umgama omde, abantu ngokubanzi bandisa ubomi babo ngokugalela utywala (indlela yokuqinisa).Ukusukela ngoko, iiwayini ezinqatyisiweyo ezidumileyo ezifana nePort, iSherry, iMadeira kunye neMarsala zenziwe ngolu hlobo.Kwinkulungwane ye-17, ukuze kugcinwe ngcono iPorter, amaPhuthukezi abe lilizwe lokuqala ukubhengeza iwayini ebhotileni, ephefumlelwe zezi zimbini. indlebe ingqayi yewayini ebhalwe kwiirekhodi zembali.Ngelishwa, ibhotile yeglasi ngelo xesha yayinokubekwa kuphela ngokuthe nkqo, ngoko ke isithinteli somthi sasiqhekeka ngokulula ngenxa yokomisa, kwaye ngaloo ndlela saphulukana nesiphumo sokutywinwa kwayo.

E-Bordeaux, ngo-1949 yayingunyaka omhle kakhulu, owawukwabizwa ngokuba yiVintage of the Century.Ngo-1964, iBag-in-a-Box Wines yokuqala yehlabathi yazalwa.Umboniso wokuqala wewayini ehlabathini wabanjwa ngo-1967 eVerona. , ElamaTaliyane.Kwangaloo nyaka, isivuni sokuqala soomatshini emhlabeni sathengiswa ngokusesikweni eNew York. Ngo-1978, uRobert Parker, oyena mgxeki wewayini unegunya ehlabathini, waseka ngokusesikweni imagazini iThe Wine Advocate, kwaye nekhulu lenkqubo yakhe yamanqaku nayo iye yaba sisalathiso esibalulekileyo. ukuze abathengi bathenge iwayini.Ukusukela ngoko, i-1982 ibe lutshintsho kwimpumelelo eqaqambileyo kaParker.

Ngomnyaka ka 2000, iFrance yaba lelona wayini inkulu ehlabathini, ilandelwa yi Italy.Ngonyaka ka 2010, iCabernet Sauvignon yaba lolona didi lomdiliya ulinywa kakhulu ehlabathini.Ngo 2013, iChina yaba lelona zwe lithengisa iwayini ebomvu eyomileyo.

Emva kokwazisa uphuhliso lwewayini ebomvu, makhe sithethe malunga nokuphuhliswa kweebhotile zewayini ezibomvu.I-predecessor yebhotile yeglasi yimbiza yobumba okanye isitya samatye.Kunzima ukucinga indlela abantu bamandulo ababegalela ngayo iiglasi zewayini ngeembiza zodongwe ezixubeneyo.

Enyanisweni, iglasi yafunyanwa yaza yasetyenziswa kwasekuqaleni kwamaRoma, kodwa ngelo xesha izinto zeglasi zazixabiseke kakhulu kwaye zinqabile, nto leyo eyayinzima kakhulu ukuyibumba kwaye ibuthathaka.Ngelo xesha, izihandiba zazikugqala ngocoselelo ukuba kunzima ukufumana iglasi njengelona nqanaba liphezulu, yaye maxa wambi lalilisonge ngegolide.Kuyavela ukuba into edlalwa yiNtshona ayikho igolide efakwe nge-jade, kodwa igolide efakwe "ngeglasi"!Ukuba sisebenzisa izikhongozeli zeglasi ukuqulatha iwayini, ingakholeleki njengeebhotile ezenziwe ngedayimani.

Iwayini eyafunyanwa eIran malunga no 5400 BC yayithathwa njengenye yewayini zakuqala emhlabeni, kodwa ukufunyanwa kwe wayini kumabhodlo ase Jiahu e Henan kuphinde kwabhalwa le ngxelo.Ngokutsho kweziphumo zangoku, imbali yaseTshayina yokusela ingaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-1000 ngaphambili kunaleyo yamazwe angaphandle.Oko kukuthi, i-Jiahu Site, indawo ebalulekileyo kwi-Neolithic Age yokuqala e-China, ikwayindawo yokusebenzela yokwenza iwayini kwihlabathi.Emva kokuhlalutywa kwemichiza yentlenga kudonga olungaphakathi lwezitya zodongwe ezavunjululwa kwisiza saseJiahu, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngelo xesha abantu babesenza iwayini ebilisiweyo yerayisi, ubusi newayini, yaye babezigcina kwiimbiza zodongwe. ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe, xa kwafunyanwa amalahle.Ukusebenza kwe-thermal yamalahle kuphezulu kunomququ werayisi kunye neendiza, kwaye iqondo lobushushu ledangatye linokufikelela ngokulula ngaphezulu kwe-1000 ℃, ngoko ke iindleko zenkqubo yokubumba iglasi ziba sezantsi kwaye zisezantsi.Kodwa iibhotile zeglasi zisezizinto ezinqabileyo ezinokubonwa kuphela ludidi oluphezulu kwasekuqaleni.(Ndifuna ukuthwala iibhotile ezininzi zewayini ukutyhubela inkulungwane ye-17 ukuze nditshintshe ngamaqhakuva egolide!) Ngelo xesha, iwayini yayithengiswa ngobuninzi.Abantu abaneemeko zoqoqosho ezintle banokuba nebhotile yeglasi yezinyanya.Ngalo lonke ixesha befuna ukusela, babethabatha ibhotile engenanto baze baye esitratweni ukuze bafumane iisenti ezingama-20 zewayini!

Iibhotile zeglasi zokuqala zenziwa ngokuvuthela ngesandla, ngoko ke ibhotile iya kuba ne-randomness enkulu kwimilo kunye nomthamo kunye nobuchule bobugcisa kunye nomthamo obalulekileyo womenzi webhotile ngamnye.Kungenxa yokuba ubungakanani beebhotile abunakudityaniswa.Kwangexesha elide, iwayini yayingavumelekanga ukuba ithengiswe kwiibhotile, ezaziza kubangela ukuthengiselana okungalunganga.Kwixesha elidlulileyo, xa sivuthela iibhotile, sasidinga intsebenziswano emibini.Umntu uthi nkxu isiphelo esinye sombhobho omde okwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kwisisombululo seglasi eshushu aze avuthele isisombululo sibe ngumbumba.Umncedisi ulawula iswitshi yokubumba kwelinye icala.Iimveliso ezigqityiweyo eziphuma kubumba ezinje zisafuna isiseko, okanye zifuna abantu ababini ukuze basebenzisane.Umntu omnye usebenzisa intonga yentsimbi ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu ukubamba umzantsi weemveliso ezigqityiweyo, kwaye omnye umntu ujikeleza umzimba webhotile ngelixa esenza ibhotile ephantsi ivelise iyunifomu kunye nesiseko esifanelekileyo sobukhulu.Ubume bebhotile bokuqala buphantsi kwaye buqhelekile, okusisiphumo samandla e-centrifugal xa ibhotile ivuthelwa kwaye ijikeleziswa.

Ukusukela ngenkulungwane ye-17, imilo yebhotile iye yatshintsha kakhulu kule minyaka iyi-200 ilandelayo.Ubume bebhotile butshintshile ukusuka kwi-anyanisi emfutshane ukuya kwikholomu enobubele.Ukushwankathela, esinye sezizathu kukuba imveliso yewayini iye yanda ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye iwayini ingagcinwa kwiibhotile.Ngexesha lokugcinwa, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ezo scallions ezicaba zihlala kwindawo enkulu kwaye azilungele ukugcinwa, kwaye imilo yazo ifuna ukuphuculwa ngakumbi;Okwesibini, abantu bafumanisa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuba iwayini egcinwe ebhotileni inokuba ngcono kunewayini esanda kwenziwa, eyona ndlela i-embryonic yethiyori yanamhlanje "yokuvuthwa kwewayini".Ukugcinwa kwibhotile kuye kwaba ngumkhwa, ngoko ke imilo yebhotile kufuneka isebenze ngokufanelekileyo ukubeka kunye nokugcina indawo.

Ngexesha lokuvuthela kwebhotile yeglasi, umthamo uxhomekeke ikakhulu kumthamo obalulekileyo wesivutheli-bhotile.Phambi kweminyaka yoo-1970, umthamo weebhotile zewayini wawusuka kuma-650 ml ukuya kuma-850 ml.Iibhotile ze-Burgundy kunye ne-champagne zidla ngokuba nkulu, ngelixa i-sherry kunye nezinye iibhotile zewayini eziqinisiweyo zihlala zincinci.Kwakungeminyaka yoo-1970 apho i-European Union yadibanisa umthamo weebhotile zewayini, zonke zatshintshwa yi-750ml. Kwimbali, umthamo weebhotile zewayini eziqhelekileyo wawungafani.Kude kube ngoo 1970s, iEuropean Community yamisela ubungakanani beebhotile zewayini ezisemgangathweni njenge 750ml ukuze kukhuthazwe umgangatho.Okwangoku, i-750 ml yeebhotile eziqhelekileyo zamkelwe ngokubanzi kwihlabathi.Ngaphambi koko, iibhotile zeBurgundy kunye neChampagne zazinkulu kancinci kunezo zaseBordeaux, ngelixa iibhotile zesherry zazihlala zincinci kunezo zaseBordeaux.Okwangoku, ibhotile eqhelekileyo kwamanye amazwe yi-500ml.Umzekelo, iwayini emnandi yaseHungary iTokai izaliswe kwiibhotile ze-500ml.Ukongeza kwiibhotile eziqhelekileyo, kukho iibhotile ezincinci okanye ezinkulu kuneebhotile eziqhelekileyo.

Nangona iibhotile eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziyi-750ml, kukho ukungafani kwinkcazo kunye nobukhulu beebhotile zamanye amandla phakathi kweBordeaux kunye neChampagne.

Nangona umthamo weebhotile zewayini udityanisiwe, imilo yemizimba yazo yahlukile, idla ngokumela isithethe sommandla ngamnye.Iimilo zeebhotile zamanani amaninzi aqhelekileyo ziboniswa kumzobo.Ngoko ke, musa ukungayihoyi inkcazelo enikelwa luhlobo lwebhotile, edla ngokuba luphawu lwemvelaphi yewayini.Umzekelo, kumazwe ehlabathi elitsha, iwayini ezenziwe ngePinot Noir kunye neChardonnay zihlala zifakwa kwiibhotile zeBurgundy njengemvelaphi;Ngokunjalo, uninzi lwe Cabernet Sauvignon kunye ne Merlot dry wine ezibomvu zipakishwa kwiibhotile ze Bordeaux.

Ubume bebhotile ngamanye amaxesha luphawu lwesitayile: Ubomvu obomileyo beRioja bunokwenziwa ngeTempranillo okanye iKohena.Ukuba kukho i-Tempranillo eninzi kwibhotile, abavelisi bavame ukusebenzisa imilo yebhotile efana neBordeaux ukutolika iimpawu zayo ezinamandla nezinamandla.Ukuba kukho iiGerbera ezininzi, bakhetha ukusebenzisa imilo yebhotile yeBurgundy ukubonisa iimpawu zayo ezithambileyo nezithambileyo.

Xa bebona apha, njengabantu abamhlophe ababeyithanda iwayini ekuqaleni, bamele ukuba baquleka izihlandlo ezininzi.Ngenxa yokuba ivumba kunye nencasa yewayini idinga iimfuno ezithile zemvakalelo yokuvumba kunye nencasa, efuna ixesha elide lokufunda kunye netalente kumntu oqalayo.Kodwa ungakhathazeki, asiyi kuthetha "ngesimo" sokuvumba kwevumba kunye nokuqaphela iwayini.Namhlanje, sibonisa i-entry-level wine Rookie kufuneka FUMANE iimpahla ezomileyo ezikhawulezayo!Oko kukuchonga iwayini kwimilo yebhotile!Ingqalelo: Ukongeza kwindima yokugcina kunye neebhotile zewayini nazo zinefuthe elithile kumgangatho wewayini.Ezi zilandelayo zezona ntlobo zidumileyo zeebhotile zewayini:

1.Bordeaux ibhotile

Bordeaux ibhotile amagxa ngqo.Iibhotile ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo zineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zewayini.Iibhotile ze-Bordeaux zinamacala ajikelezayo, amahlombe abanzi, kunye nemibala emithathu: eluhlaza obumnyama, obuluhlaza obukhanyayo, obungenambala: obomvu obomileyo kwiibhotile ezimnyama ezimnyama, ezimhlophe ezomileyo kwiibhotile eziluhlaza, kunye nomhlophe omhlophe kwiibhotile ezimhlophe.Olu hlobo lwebhotile yewayini nayo isoloko isetyenziswa ngabarhwebi be wayini kumazwe ehlabathi elitsha ukubamba iiwayini zesitayile se Bordeaux ezixubeneyo, kunye ne wayini zase Italy ezifana ne Chianti ziqhele ukusetyenziswa ukubamba iibhotile ze Bordeaux.

Imilo yebhotile yeBordeaux eqhelekileyo, enegxalaba elibanzi kunye nomzimba oyicylindrical, yenza intlenga ibenzima ukugalela.Iwayini ezimbini ezinemveliso ephezulu kunye nomthamo wentengiso ehlabathini, iCabernet Sauvignon kunye neMerlot, zonke zisebenzisa iibhotile zeBordeaux.E-Italy, ibhotile isetyenziswa kakhulu, njengewayini yeChianti yangoku.

Njengoko olu hlobo lwebhotile yewayini luxhaphakile kwaye kulula ukuyifaka ebhotileni, ukuyigcina kunye nokuthutha, ithandwa kakhulu kwiindawo zewayini.

2.Ibhotile yeBurgundy

Ibhotile yeBurgundy yeyona bhotile idumileyo nesetyenziswa kakhulu ngaphandle kwebhotile yeBordeaux.Ibhotile yeBurgundy ikwabizwa ngokuba yibhotile yegxalaba elityibilikayo.Umgca wegxalaba ugudile, umzimba webhotile ungqukuva, kwaye umzimba webhotile unzima kwaye uqinile.Ibhotile yeBurgundy isetyenziswa kakhulu ukubamba iPinot Noir, okanye iwayini ebomvu efana nePinot Noir, kunye newayini emhlophe yase Chardonnay.Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ukuba olu hlobo lwebhotile ye-diagonal yegxalaba ethandwayo kwi-Rhone Valley yaseFransi nayo inesimo esifanayo kwibhotile yaseBurgundi, kodwa umzimba webhotile uphezulu kancinci, intamo iyancipha ngakumbi, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ibhotile ifakwe i-embossed.Oblique igxalaba kunye nokumila komzimba othe ngqo kukhumbuza abantu ngamanene amadala aseYurophu.Umzimba webhotile unomqondo oqinileyo wokuhamba, igxalaba elincinci, umzimba ojikelezayo kunye nobubanzi, kunye ne-groove ezantsi.Iwayini ezihlala ziqulathwe kwiibhotile ze Burgundy yi Chardonnay kunye ne Pinot Noir ezisuka kumazwe ehlabathi elitsha.Ezinye iiwayini ezigcwele umzimba, ezifana ne Barolo yase Italy, nazo zisebenzisa iibhotile ze Burgundy.

3.Ibhotile ye-Alsace

I-Slim kunye ne-slender, njenge-blonde yaseFransi enomfanekiso omhle.Ibhotile kule milo inemibala emibini.Umzimba oluhlaza ubizwa ngokuba yibhotile yeAlsace, kwaye umzimba omdaka yibhotile yeRhine, kwaye akukho groove ezantsi!Iwayini equlethwe kolu hlobo lwebhotile yewayini iyahluka ngokwentelekiso, ukusuka kowomileyo ukuya kwisiqingatha owomileyo ukuya kwiswiti, enokuchongwa kuphela ngeleyibhile yewayini.

4.Ibhotile yeChampagne

Umzimba obanzi onamagxa athambekileyo ufana nebhotile ye-Burgundian, kodwa mkhulu, njenge-burly guard.Umzantsi webhotile udla ngokudakumba okunzulu, oko kukumelana noxinzelelo olukhulu oluveliswa yinkqubo ye-carbonization kwibhotile ye-champagne.Iwayini esisiseko ehlwahlwazayo ipakishwe kule bhotile, kuba olu yilo lunokumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu kwiwayini ehlwahlwazayo.

Uninzi lweebhotile zanamhlanje zinemibala emnyama, kuba indawo emnyama iyakunqanda impembelelo yokukhanya kumgangatho wewayini.Kodwa ngaba uyazi ukuba isizathu sokuba ibhotile yeglasi ibe nombala ekuqaleni yayisisiphumo esingenakunceda sokuba abantu bangakwazi ukukhupha ukungcola kwiglasi.Kodwa kukho imizekelo yeebhotile ezicacileyo, ezinje ngepinki eqaqambileyo, ukuze umbone ngaphambi kokuba uvule ibhotile.Ngoku iwayini ekungeyomfuneko ukuba igcinwe idla ngokugcinwa kwiibhotile ezingenambala, ngoxa iibhotile ezinemibala zinokusetyenziselwa ukugcina iwayini endala.

Ngenxa yobushushu beglasi eyenziweyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, iibhotile kwiindawo ezininzi zibonisa imibala eyahlukileyo.Iibhotile ezimdaka zifumaneka kwimimandla ethile, efana ne-Italiya ne-Rhineland eJamani.Ngaphambili, imibala yebhotile ye-German Rhineland kunye ne-Moselle yayihluke kakhulu.I-Rhineland ithande ukuba mdaka ngelixa i-Moselle ithande ukuba luhlaza.Kodwa ngoku bayanda abathengisi bewayini baseJamani basebenzisa iibhotile eziluhlaza ukupakisha iwayini yabo, kuba uhlaza luhle kakhulu?Mhlawumbi kunjalo!Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, omnye umbala uqhotswe, oko kukuthi, "umbala wamagqabi afileyo".Lo ngumbala ophakathi komthubi noluhlaza.Iqale yavela kwipakethelo yewayini emhlophe yaseBurgundy's Chardonnay.Nge Chardonnay ehamba kwihlabathi jikelele, iidistilleries kwezinye iingingqi nazo zisebenzisa lombala wamagqabi afileyo ukupakisha iwayini yazo.

Ndiyathemba ukuba eli nqaku linokukunceda uqonde ngakumbi imbali yewayini ebomvu kunye nokuphuhliswa kweebhotile zewayini ezibomvu